Mayner

Visited Colarado in 2016 and ticked off a lot of bucket list items including the Durango & Silverton & Cumbres and Toltec for me the highlight was exploring the remains of the Rio Grande Southern on a snowy day in late May! Another highlight was having a beer on the terrace outside a bar in Chama that overlooked the main street and engine terminal as a couple rode on horseback into town and hitched their horses outside.

Finally managed to run a train on the garden railway today after carrying out track/trackbase repairs on different sections of the railway. Tradiionally I have a running session on Christmas Day, but today Christmas Eve looked a better option with rainforecast tomorrow so a brief chance to play trains before we head to the land of the ice and snow for a family re-union on Friday. Before running anything 1st job was to secure the pilot (cowcatcher) on DRGW K27 # 463, the pilot had worked loose catching on points just like 5T while working on the C&L in the 50s. The bolts that secure the cowcatcher to the sheet metal pilot beam had worked loose being tapped into the beam, I took the simple option of using the existing bolts as captive bolts loctited to the beam and securing the pilot with some nuts I had in stock. Although the loco was in good overall condition wheh received (2nd hand) from the States, the pilot beam had taken a knock either in service or transit to New Zealand several years ago and only carried out the minimum repairs necessary to use the loco., hence some distortion and damage to the beam. Bolts are a mixture of those originally used to both the pilot to the beam and from my stock of Accucraft spares. Nuts now securing he pilot to the locco. Alll the visible bolts/boltheads are functional! 1st freight to run since April! this area had a tidy up with weedkiller, hedge clippers and blower to remove debris. This is one of the origional sections of the railroad, trackbase (open topped baseboard) installed early 2008, ties/sleepers replaced and No4 switches replaced with No6 2018. original rail still in use! 1st train over the re-built section of line mixture of Stock and freight cars 463 slipped on the crest of the grade visible in the background despite dry conditions. Motor #6 is a Bellyn Locomotive Works Korean Brass comission produced about 20 years ago, a US E-bay purchase. Motor# 6 was a conversion of the original RGS Motor #1 which was in turn a conversion of a Buick "Touring Car", several photos og RGS Motors with bonnet sides open to aid engine cooling! Tie load custom machined cedar used as ties in early days of railroad. 463 returning with freight, RC transmitter controller for helper loco in foreground. #348 sent out to assist, caboose correctly coupled behind loco as wooden underframed caboose not up to use in pusher service. Train proved too much for 463 & 348on "High Line" will have to reduce loading or "double the hill", second K27 464 currently out of service awaiting parts.

Different horses for different courses I get my enjoyment out of creating/doing rather than possessing things. Although I enjoy playing trains (protypical operation) I tend to loose interest in a modle one I complete it or (worse still) the kick wears off soon after I buy a RTR model. At the end of the day my 3D printed wagons were a very quick way of adding a lot of wagons to my collection that would have taken me years to scratchbuild or assemble from conventional kits, I have a stash of over 20 of Leslies wagons awaiting to be assembled for the past 4-5 years that arrived as part of a barter deal for a rtr MGWR 2-4-0.

Loughrea was an exception on CIE surviving as a classical rural feeder branch until closure in 1975, Ballina was more of a secondary mail line terminal than a feeder branch for much of the Black & Tan era with through freight services from Dublin and the terminus of passenger trains to and from Limerick between 63 and the closure of passenger services over Limerick-Claremorris line. Branch line passenger services were re-instated in the early 70s initially as the Claremorris Pilot hauling a daily 'through' Ballina coach off main line trains before the re-introduction of 3 times daily feeder service that connected with main line trains at Claremorris. Personally I think Irish secondary main line services such as from Dublin to Tralee, Westport, Sligo and Rosslare had more in common with the West Highland, Kyle and Further North lines in Scotland during the loco hauled era approx. three (relatively short) passenger trains and a goods/mail daily from Glasgow to Fort William and even a mixed rather than a goods to Mallaig. Similar service North and West from Inverness with Further North passenger trains dividing at Georgemas Junction into portions for Thurso and Wick. Modelling an branch line terminus and the relatively short trains (5-6coaches + loco-s) that ran on the Sligo & South Eastern is going to take up a lot of space in OO, one of my most successful layouts was in N gauge an 11'X11' room the terminus station based on Foynes could comfortably accommodate 5 coaches & a pair of 121 diesels was on a 5' baseboard with a 2'6' scenic section that also incorporated a loco depot and head shunt. The same layout would require a space of 15' in OO. The station layout was basically single platform station inspired by Foynes with its overall roof, runround loop with turntable release with 3 long sidings in the goods yard freight area. Operationally there were two through morning & evening daily passenger trains from Dublin hauled by pairs of 121 diesels, a141 hauled branch line set Coach & Van provided a connection in and out of the midday mainline trains and night mails. a 001 hauled an overnight goods or Liner train, plus odd workings with beet specials and oil trains. At the time no Irish rtr was available locos had scratchbuilt plasticard/modified rtr bodies on American diesel chassis, goods and passenger stock was repainted British outline rtr. Going back to JHBs point on passenger train consists on the Loughrea and Ballina branches a Brake Standard coach (initially Comp-later Standard Class) with storage heaters were allocated to both branch services, so a Heating Van was not required on these services while the Brake Standard was operational, additionally 1442 a Main Line Park Royal was fitted with Storage Heaters and allocated to Ballina branch services. Ballina was allocated 1904 a 1951-3 Brake Standard and Loughrea 1910 a 1959 Laminate Brake Standard which appears to have been withdrawn at some stage before the branch closed and a single carriage and 4w Heating & Luggage Van used on the branch in its final year/s. CIE appear to have experienced reliability/riding issues with the G611 Class on the Loughrea branch in its final years. At one stage two G611 were allocated to the branch and mixed train operation abandoned, with the G Class double heading (two drivers) a goods around mid-day from Loughrea to the Junction and return, final branch trains including some beet specials (post closure) all appear to have been worked by B201 Class. Silver Fox produce a passable rtr models of 1951-3 coaching stock including Brake 3rd and Irish Freight Models once produced a Laminate Brake Standard in kit and rtr format. Silver Fox and IFM have produced quite basic models of 4w Heating & Luggage vans. While a branch terminus would take up a lot of space a small intermediate station such a Dunsandle on the Loughrea branch or Ardfert on the North Kerry are quite compact, have simple though attractive buildings and would add operational interest to a diorama on a 4' or 6' baseboard with fiddle year at either end possibly fitting within an overal length of 10-12'

I don't want to name the particular business as I did not speak to the owner. Its not Peco more of a 'cottage industry' operator like myself who mainly produces etched loco and rolling stock kits. Interestingly 25-30 years ago when I was modelling British outline, I though the Parkside BR Iron Ore tippler was a finely detailed 'state of the art' model superior to what was available in contemporary RTR. The Ply sided Parkside van was my go-to for modelling a CIE H Van (21mm gauge), new plasticard ends, etched or pressed corner strappings and modified brake gear.

Think GSR 800 may have been thinking of one of the early GNR railcars A diesel version of Cyril Frys streamlined model of Drumm Train C would have looked impressive. The as built styling of Trains C & D is remarkably similar to the LMS articulated railcar also introduced 1939 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_railcars#/media/File:LMS_Diesel_Multiple_Unit_80000–80002.jpg Interestingtly mechanically the LMS articulated railcar appears to have been a development of NCC railcars 2-4, GSR tended to buy Leyland trucks and buses so potentially access to the technology if there was a will. Everything is interrelated as they say, when I first arrived in New Zealand a Maori colleague asked what part of Ireland I was from and replied that his daughter worked in the IFC in Dublin when I told him.

The GWR, Midland and GSWR would have been concerned/alarmed by a LNWR being involved in a merger of the MGWR & GNR and possibly a Government (Westminster) and local interests (particularly Sligo) at the mergers impact on competition in a laissez-faire era when the railways had an effective monopoly on surface transportation before the onset of large scale competition by motor vehicle. The Free State took a very centralised approach to government including reducing the power of Local Government to make decisions which was also reflected in the Amalgamation of the railways into the GSR and the establishment of ESB, Sugar Company & BNM, where more localised decision making would have been more effective. In the UK Councils/Cities retained responsibility for their Tram and Bus networks. Interestingly while the GSR held its board meetings at Kingsbridge, the GNR alternated Board meetings between Amien St Dublin and Gt Victoria St Belfast which may have reflected a more devolved level of decision making that the GSR While apart from the Drumm Battery Train (driven by political pressure) and limited use of Steam Railcars the GSR was conservative in its approach to passenger rail operation, the GNR introduced diesel railcars and railbuses to improve services and reduce operating costs on marginal lines, the CDJR and SLNCR largely largely replaced steam hauled passenger services with railcars/railbusses. While apart from Ballybay-Carrickmacross the majority of GN lines in the Republic retained their (relatively frequent by Irish stds) passenger services until the late 50s the majority of branch lines in the South lost their passenger services between 1930 and the 47 fuel crisis. The branch lines lines that remained ran 1-2 passenger/mixed trains daily until closed in the late 50s-mid 70s. I think one of the possible drivers behind the Clifden, Achill and Killala closures was that the construction of the lines was largely funded by Government grant and their closure did not involve a significant write off of capital potentially affecting GSRs borrowing powers at a time the railway was building new 'modern' coaches and had began design work on the 800s. The closure of the three lines in the West is in startling contrast to the survival of the Kenmare and Valencia lines though CIE failed to exploit the tourist potential of either line with reasonable rolling stock or a reasonable passenger service. An diesel powered version of the Drumm Battery train would have made an excellent 'Tourist Train'/observation car for the Kerry or West of Ireland branches, interestingly CIEs 1st diesel programme included railcar set specifically for "Tourist" traffic. Probably better to go totally freelance than model a particular prototype in my teens I drempt up totally freelance railway systems both in Ireland and England complete with their own history and designs of locos and stock

I won't be proceeding with the Wagon Kits at this stage as I did not receive sufficient enquiries to proceed to production. One potential customer commented that the owner of a British Outline manufacturer (that has produced high quality kits in 4mm since 1972) said that 'people say they will wait until it comes out RTR" than assemble a kit. John

To me the big question is what would the LNWR have gained by absorbing the MGWR as a high proportion of cross-channel passenger and goods traffic from the Midland was already routed by the LNWR's North Wall-Holyhead sea route. The LNWRs involvement in Irish railway companies were hardly the most successful, the DNGR struggled to make a profit and passenger sailings on the Greenore-Holyhead route ceased in 1926, the GNR taking over maintenance and operation of the DNGR in 1933 the British Transport Comission closing the line in 1951. The LNWR became a major supporter of the DSER contributing a load of £100k to complete the New Ross-Waterford extension and paid a "virtual' annual subsidy of £20k to the DSER. The DSER plagued by tramway competition on its suburban services to Dunlaoire and Dalkey and coastal erosion the DSER paid a 1% dividend on its ordinary shares in the years before the Amalgamation. Its likely that the Midland would have been in a strong position in any negotions with the LNWR, Sir Walter Nugent the Midland Chairman became the 1st GSR Chair and Midland Officers took charge of GSR financial management, with a strong focus on cost reduction including singling double track sections of ex-MGWR lines. The other interesting one is the Baronially Guaranteed narrow and broad gauge line, where effectively the GSR was forced to swallow a 'poison pill" by absorbing the lines with the Free State continuing the guarantee ( guaranteed return on capital and making up of operating losses) for a period of 10 years. The GSR absorbing the lines would have been popular with ratepayers in the affected areas, immediately relieving them of the burden of supporting a railway that 'could not pay its way", but transferred the burden to an already struggling GSR after 10 years. The GSR lost no time in closing marginal branch lines after the 10 year guarantee period ended. A better option might have been to continue the status quo with Baronial Guaranteed lines continuing under local management and allowing the local community (ratepayers) decide whether to close the line or continue paying the guarantee, a number of lines including the Dublin & Blessington (outside GSR), Tralee & Dingle and Schull and Skibereen were operated by a Management Committee appointed by the Local Council. In Northern Ireland local control of the Clogher Valley was particularly effective under the leadership of Henry Forbes (of CDR fame) train services were improved and operating costs introduced as a result of the introduction of a diesel railcar & 'The Unit". The Stormont Government agreed to 'buy out' the shareholders and fund road improvements when the railway ceased to fulfill a useful function.

One of the more interesting aspects of the collision was that the farmer had apparrently adapted the practice of moving stock along the line between scheduled services and was caught unawares by the Knock Special. The reports into the derailment of the Knock Special and the 93 Knockcrockery derailments on the Mayo Line are not available on the RAIU website but should be discoverable under freedom of information. The whole business of Government(Ministerial) knowledge of CIEs concerns with the crashworthiness of older coaching stock is an interesting one and in this day and age would warrant Government Ministers, Senior Civil Servants and CIE Board members being held to account. In Annual Reports and no doubt meetings with the Department of Transport the CIE Chairman raised serious concerns with the crashworthyness of existing stock and expressed frustration with the (FF) Governments failure to approve the construction of new stock. At the time CIE was persuing a joint venture with LHB to build railway coaches for its own use and export at Inchacore, the Transport Minister who represented Longford-Westmeath refused to approve the project. The MK3 project assembling BREL kitsets at Inchacore was approved following the Cherryville Junction collision by a FG Minister of Transport who represented the Ballyfermot Constituency where CIE & the Works was an important employer. Things could have turned out significantly different during the past 40 years if the Government had approved the CIE-LHB joint venture with GM locos hauling Continental rather than British outline stock, would Irish modellers have turned to HO rather than OO?

One of the 1969 Journals as far as I recall, donated my collection of IRRS Journals to the Model Railway Society Of Ireland before I departed for NZ in 2004, perhaps MRSI or IRRS Libriarian may be able to help. Another oddity during the late 60s/early 70s CIE shipped several trainloads of export sugar (for Nigeria) in 8'6" containers on 4w Flat Wagons from the Carlow Sugar Factory to Dublin Port as out of gauge loads. Presumably CIE would have checked clearances beforehand and imposed speed restrictions at overbridges & other structures where clearances were tight.

There is a very good article on CIE freight modernisation programme appeared in an IRRS Journal (1969?) written by one of the engineers/managers in charge of the programme. CIE designed and built a small number of hopper containers to carry grain (malt) traffic for a particular customer. CIE would have preferred to have used a conventional bulk container that could be discharged by tipping (from a truck), but had to go for a hopper with bottom discharge due to height restrictions at the customers premises. Traffic appears to have originated in Tralee as there are several photos of cuts of wagons with these containers in the North Kerry Yard, traffic appears to have been short lived and had ceased by the 1980s

Apparently in Midland days 'the authorities' became alarmed with very fast running(speeding?) of the 'Night Mail' from Sligo regularly arriving in Mullingar ahead of schedule. Reminders & notices to run to schedule appeared to have no effect, eventually departure from Sligo was delayed so that crews could not make it to Mullingar before pub closing time. Although running speed was unlikely to have exceeded 40-50mph with short wheelbase 4w non-passenger stock of the day (8'6" wb Horseboxes & Vans) running must have been pretty lively, particularly before the 1920s relay of the Sligo Road with 60' rails on baseplates that saw the line through until re-laid with CWR in the 1990s. Going back to the Esso oil trains, I one saw a laden oil train stabled on a siding at Maynooth on a Saturday morning late 90s/early 2000s. Spoke briefly to a driver who had taken it from the North Wall, who did not know when the train was likely to depart for Sligo. Reminded me of the American practice of a Yard Crew would make up a train and then move it to a location well clear of the yard to be picked up by a Road Crew who would arrive by Crewbus or Taxi.

The springs/suspension of the Heljan model like the Airfix/Dapol kit appears to be based on the original late 1950s fittings, from the early 1960s onwards wagons appear to have been fitted/built with modified suspension with spring dampers. The ESSO tank wagons used in Ireland appear to have spring dampers. Paul Bartell's pages of ESSO Vac Braked tank wagons includes photos of wagons with original 1959 and modified 1960s suspension and how the wagons weathered in service, he also has a page on ESSO tank cars converted to carry bitumen. https://paulbartlett.zenfolio.com/essoatankwagonvb The Bachmann "ESSO" tank wagon is a model of a larger 1960s built airbraked tank wagon which effectively rendered the 1959 designed tank wagons obsolete, freeing up a batch of wagons for use in Ireland to replace older loose coupled ESSO tank wagons.

General layout, quality and fit of the castings is remarkably similar to the whitemetal CIE 001 kit supplied by Model Irish Railways (Portadown) during the 1990s. The 001 in supertrain livery as 018 powered with Athearn SD drive parts mounted on a simple scracthbuilt brass frame/chassis was one of my pride and joys at the time. At the time some modellers were re-powering British outline 6 axle diesels (possibly Class 31 & 47 )with Atheran PA1 chassis.

Livery wise the IRM ESSO tank wagons appear correct from Mid-1980s onwards with max speed of 35mph, addition of Hazchem markings are reflector stripes on tank ends & tanks with modified bracing There are two Seanus Lattimir photos dated Aug 86 of 1003 in this condition at Mullingar the tank retaining lugs for the Esso shield in the IRRS Flickr collection. https://www.flickr.com/photos/irishrailwayarchive/53509330394/in/album-72157661623942928 Interestingly there is a July 72 Tom Wall photo of an ex-works (possibly Chas Roberts) photo of 994 at Inchacore in as introduced condition with ESSO shield & electrification warning on a grey tank body & top of underframe original tank mounts, black underframe (incl buffers) red solebars and yellow roller bearing caps. https://www.flickr.com/photos/irishrailwayarchive/53511632134/in/album-72157661623942928 There is a Paddy O'Brien a Mar 74 photo of 998 and other tank wagons in this livery at Claremorris. The ammended tank bracing appears to be a 1980s modification, there is a 1979 photo of the Oranmore-Claremorris oil train in JHB & Barry Carse 'Rails in the West" with the original tank bracing and withoutout reflective strips on the tank barrels. Modifications including ammended tank bracking and ammendments to the tank barrel are likely to have been carried out on a phased bassis when wagons were undergoing scheduled heavy repairs in the Works. Some of the wagons may never have carried the ESSO logo or plate while in service in Ireland, there are several Paul Bartell photos of the wagons in service in the UK with lugs no logo or plate. ESSO tank barrels with lugs no plates were stored for several years during the 1970s in the "Railway Village" outside The Works.

Extremely frustration, I am in much the same situation I converted our garage into a railway room about 10 years ago and for one reason I have been unable to find time to build a layout, sometimes the unexpected happens and things do not go to plan! Have you though of asking friends or the model railway community if anyone would be interested in helping out? Sometimes private layouts are colloborative efforts where people help out with the build and operation, sometimes people travelling quite a distance to help out. Several years ago I helped friends with baseboards and carry out tracklaying on their layouts one involving a 3 hr round trip. Nearer home the owner of the Greystones layout exhibited in the 90s, built and exhibited the layout with the assistance of a group of friends and in Scotland Richard Chowns 7mm Waterford Limerick & Western Castle Rackrent layout was operated by a group of operators who regularly travelled to operating sessions on the layout before his death several years ago.

Interesting a location where very little changed in almost 100 years followed by significant change in the last 20 or so years/ The layout basically remained un-changed from era the Dardanells Sidings (area on the right) were laid presumabably in the WW1 eara until the yard was re-modelled about 20 years ago. The one constant feature is the double slip on the crossover from the main running lines to the Granary Sidings & Alexandra Road Tramway. The running lines from Chruch Road Junction were once fully signalled controlled by the Granary and Sheriff Street signal cabins. The Dardanell's sidings and the remains of the Point (Polling Fields) yard were lifted and re-modelled to handle the reaining Liner trains (mainly keg traffic). Railborne Container traffic to Dublin Port had earlier ceased following the closure of the recently (1996?) opened rail terminal at the end of the Alexandra Rd terminal and transfer of traffic to a terminal South of the Liffey The Dardanells and the Polling Fields had been used mainly used to store stock awaiting repair in the adjacent wagon reapair shop or long term store/dump for out of service stock, some gems included the remaining ex-DSE coach & GSWR vans once in departmental service and a collection of redundant private owner tank wagons, stock that may not ahve turned a wheel in over 20 years, ironically the proposed hard stranding for container transfers to the Port appears to be partially on the site of CIEs original Point Depot (Polling Fields) container depot opened during the late 60s We have been here before Devestation at the Holyhead Yard 2003 Irish Rail final days of container operation July 2005 12:00 Cork Liner on left, Ballina Liner on right! No other destinations serve

The speed limit of the ESSO tank wagons appears to have been progressive reduced from 50 to 35mph in response to de-railments of empty ESSO tank wagons at Donamon & Moyvalley. Similar restrictions were imposed on other types of 4w wagon, I had a painting diagram of the 22'6" Flats used for Asahi Acrylonitrile traffic which indicates that the maximum speed was progressively reduced from 50 to 40 to 35mph. The effect on passenger train schedules would have been minimal as apart from the Cork Line trains speeds and frequency had not increased since the 1970s. On the Sligo and Mayo Lines the main issue was the easing of schedules due to an increasing number or speed restrictions as a result of deferred track maintenance from the late 70s onwards. The down ESSO & Claremorris Liners tended tended to depart Dublin in the evening after the departure of evening Sligo & Heuston passenger services and return in the mornings in the quiet period between morning arrivals from the provinces and early afternoon departures from Dublin. Interestingly the Foynes-Ballina Asahi Oil & Coal trains (35mph 4w wagons) were scheduled to operate via the Nenagh branch (when the Limerick-Claremorris line was out of service during the mid 1990s) rather than via Limerick Junction in order to avoid delaying up Cork line passenger trains scheduled to operate at up to 100mph.

0.4n/s I tend to build OO Gauge 2-4-0s with a rigid chassis (making sure the leading axle is free running) and hopefully some day will get around to completing a 21mm gauge compensated version or two for myself.

Breakhrough! A real and unexpected breakthrough today after nearly 6 months I relaid the track lifted almost 6 months ago and I can once again run trains on the garden railway. Although I had replaced a decayed section of trackbase by late July, a section of the supporting structure required replacement and did not have time to carry out this work until December. While the piles and beams that support the trackbase held up well, the end of one of the 4"X2" that supports the trackbase in the station/yard area was quite badly rotted and replaced with new treated timber (centre of picture) the cut ends were given an additional coat of clear preservative. I replaced the basebord fascia in this area (4"x1") decking timber to provide a uniform appearance in this area. Looking into the jungle, we had high rainfall and humid conditions this spring and with little time available the garden got away on me! First Train since June! 346 with a train of Flat Cars and Caboose to pick up track material. I haden't planned to work on the railway today the arthritis in my knees began playing up quite badly on Monday and I found it painful and difficult to walk yesterday, but thought some exercise might help and it did! Picked up refurbished track panels had sat on the outdoor workbench since June, just for show as load toppled on 1st curve. Material train at the "head of steel" (brass actually) RGS Motor 6 waits at the other end of the gap before we drop in the last panel. Track reinstated! The track panels overlapped by about 2" though I am fairly sure I used the original rails! Problem quickly solved with a razor saw, could not find my junior hacksaw and blade nackered on full size hacksaw. New Sunset Valley NG ties are shorter than original Accucraft (AMS) NG ties but likely to last longer. I have enough Sunset Valley ties in stock to replace the remaining AMS (American Model Systems) ties on the main line, but will probably have to replace the AMS ties on the "High Line" that are showing signs of UV damage 18 years use and Southern Hemisphere UV exposure. Motor 6 carried out the first test/inspection run. 346 followed after marshalling the Caboose at the end of the train, it was after 8pm and the light beginning to fade. More a setting of priorities a toss up between assembling a 60Class D14 etch I drew up last January and completing a pair of SSM J15s I started only God knows when. I recently tidied up the workbench and began sorting out the parts for the two locos and just maybe make some progress before starting the D14

Fair play Harry I have been planning to build a fleet of Midland engines since I was a teenager and it took me 40 years and several false starts to build a successful Ks/650 Class. I still have wheelsets stashed away for a Cattle Engine, Standard Goods, 650 & Achill Bogie. Fitting B1 wheels under a D16/3 (Hornby ?) is a nice bit of latteral thinking as its becoming increasingly difficult to source loco driving wheels from traditional sources like Markits & AGW. Having used a professional 3D modeller to design most of my 3D models, Killan's fee for designing the A Class appears reasonable. By the way 544 in the photo of the train arriving at Broadstone is one of the ligher/shorer C Class equally deserving of being modelled I am heavily comitted to 21mm gauge and working in metal, but its looking increasingly unlikely at this stage that I will get around to building a 21mm layout and may have to compromise on OO to build a layout. Well done for showing such initiative

Layer lines (on both sides) particular on models with smooth sides/surfaces seems to be a common problem with desktop printers. It would be worth checking whether there is an on-line Support Group for your particular brand of printer. I ran into similar problems with an Anycubic printer and found their Facebook Support Group helpful. Problem appears related to the lubrication of the slides & screw that raises and lowers the build plate, but was unable to satisfactorily resolve the problem for model railway stock or buildings and use a print bureau for railway rolling stock. Printer appears to work fine for human, animal and fantasy figures with irregular surfaces.

There is a story of Bulleid explaining his concept of a fireless main-line loco to a group of workers during an after dinner strole around the Tender Shop during his early days at Inchacore. It appear the guys asked Bullied about his plans for a new loco and he drew up a sketch (concept drawing) of a fireless loco that would be 'topped up' at a series of charging stations around the network. I guess we will never know whether there is some truth to the story. The ESB substantially increased it power generation capacity from Hydro and Peat from the late 40s onwards against a background of economic stagnation and a falling population. The railways may have been seen as a means of absorbing some of the additional capacity in the same way as the GSR was enticed (manipulated) into building the Drumm Battery trains by the offer of 'cheap electricity' from the Shannon Scheme. Whatever about fireless locos topped up by lineside generating plants, development of the Drumm principal with partial electrification would have been feasible and fitted in with the social and economic aspirations of the 1st 'Inter-party' Government elected in 1948 (Declare a Republic, attempt to set up a 'Welfare State" (Mother and Child scheme) based on the UK model, and lay groundwork for the Republics economic transformation from the 60s onwards. A change from a railway a railway that mainly exported cattle and people, to one that carried mineral and manufacturing outputs to the ports from the 60s to the 90s to the contemporary railway that mainly transports commuters to their offices in the cities. Faced with the reality of a stagnant economy, the railway worsening financial position, CIE had to modernise 'on the cheap" with diesel traction and cheaply built stock good for 20 or so years. Still at the end of the day a modern variant of Drumm's Battery trains are likely to resume operation in Ireland over 90 years after the initial trials on the GSR.

Its difficult to envisage countries with a much lower population density than countries such as France, Germany or the Benelux Countries replacing air and long car journeys with European-style passenger rail services. Ireland has a low population density at 76 people per Sq/Km compared with France 120Sq/Km, Germany 243, England 297 and less urbanised at 60% compared with Western European countries at over 80%. More likely a citizens revolt over having to pay high taxes and rates to subsidies public transport, rather than conspiracy theories about Socialist Governments forcing us to use rail or motor industry Hit-men. I very much doubt that the Irish public would be prepared to pay the high level of fares or taxes required to support a high speed/high frequency European passenger rail service. The New Zealand Transport Minister recently advised Wellington and Auckland cities that they will have to substantially increase train and bus fares as farebox revenue in both cities in now below 25% of operating costs. Farebox revenue in cities such as Vienna and Oslo contributed 50% revenue pre-Covid and in many countries commuter rail passenger numbers have not returned to pre-Covid levels as working patterns have changed considerably since the 1980s. Strangely much of the current push for people to resume commuting and return to their office is driven by Financial Institutions with a major risk of ending up with 'stranded assets' as city center office blocks, business districts and transport assets become redundant if people no longer need to commute to the city to work. Although there has been a lot of talk about 'remote work' and people working from home being a post Covid thing, I worked largely remotely for an Irish Government agency for two years before leaving for New Zealand in 2004. These days I pay almost twice as much in rates on our house as in income tax. A high proportion of our rates goes towards maintaining the local roads and subsidising local public transport services (which I don't use)